This post examines a recent decision from the CaliforniaCourt of Appeals – First District: People v. Zhuang Miao, 2015 WL 8340989
(2015). The court begins by
outlining the “essentially undisputed facts established as the hearing” on Zhuang Miao’s motion to suppress certain evidence:
At approximately 1:07 a.m. on September
30, 2013, Officer Wilfredo Herrera was dispatched to the Quality Inn &
Suites Hotel in South San Francisco. He was the first officer on the scene at
approximately 1:11 a.m. Herrera was dispatched to the hotel based on a call
from a reporting party believed to be the night agent at the hotel. The
reporting party stated he believed there was possible prostitution activity at
the hotel because a gray Hyundai arrived at the hotel at approximately 12:30
a.m., and dropped off two females.
When Herrera arrived at the hotel, he
saw a gray Hyundai in the parking lot with a male in the driver's seat and a
female, identified as [Zhuang Miao], sitting in the
back seat behind the driver. Herrera parked his police vehicle in a manner as
to not block the gray Hyundai. He exited his vehicle and approached the
Hyundai. He did not activate his vehicle's emergency lights or spotlights.
Herrera approached the driver's side
window and looked in the vehicle using his flashlight. He attempted to speak
with the driver, but he spoke only Chinese. Herrera then spoke with defendant,
who spoke English. He asked defendant whether she was staying at the hotel and
she said she was not. Herrera then asked defendant and the driver for their
identification and both promptly gave them to the officer.
Immediately after Herrera had obtained
the identifications, he noticed an Asian female, dressed in a manner consistent
with that of a prostitute, exiting the hotel. When she saw Herrera, she
immediately went back into the hotel.
Herrera did a positive records check of
[Zhuang Miao]
and the driver over his patrol radio at approximately 1:15 a.m.
Immediately after running the names, he saw another female, also dressed in
provocative clothing, exit the hotel. When she saw Herrera speaking to
defendant and the driver, she walked in the opposite direction. Herrera walked
toward her and asked her to `hold on a second.’ At the same time, a second
officer arrived on the scene and Herrera asked him to speak to the female
suspect.
Herrera went inside the hotel to look
for the female he had seen return there. He found her in the lobby. She did not
speak English, so he gestured for her to follow him outside. A third officer
had arrived on the scene, who he asked to stay with that female.
Herrera then returned to the car. He
asked the driver to come out of the car, obtained his consent to search his
person, which he did and found nothing suspicious. Herrera then asked [Zhuang Miao] whether she
was related to the driver and she told him he was just a friend. The officer
asked whose car it was and defendant answered that it belonged to her. Herrera
then asked her, `Is it okay if I take a look in your car? I'm looking for guns,
knives, anything dangerous,’ to which defendant responded, `Go ahead.’
Herrera then proceeded to search the
car. He found eight cell phones and a green zipper pouch with a lot of money on
the rear passenger seat. There was also an iPad on that seat, labeled `Zhuang
Miao's iPad.’ Herrera testified that he `pressed the button, slid the screen,
and it was immediately opened up to a Gmail account.’ No images appeared but he
then found applications on the iPad that he recognized as adult websites which
he believed to be tools to solicit prostitution. One of the sites had an
advertisement with a phone number that matched one of the cell phones found in
the car. That site advertised, `Two Asian Beauties will rock your world.’ Other
officers Google searched that phone number on their own cell phones and found
that the number appeared on advertisements for myRedbook, one of the claimed
prostitution services. Defendant told Herrera that the number was her business
phone number. Herrera then searched the trunk of the vehicle, where he found a
black plastic garbage bag that contained over 100 new condoms.
[Zhuang Miao] told Herrera she was waiting for the two
provocatively dressed female suspects from the hotel, but denied that they were
prostitutes. Defendant told him she worked with approximately six clients, who
did not speak English. She helped them post advertisements on the websites
Herrera had seen on her iPad. [Zhuang Miao] explained that the number of phones was due to the number
of clients she worked with. She received $40 per client.
Herrera arrested [her] at approximately
2:19 a.m.
People v. Zhuang Miao,
supra.
The opinion goes on to explain that Zhuang Miao was
initially charged with two counts of
deriving earnings from another person's act of prostitution (California Penal Code § 266h, subd. (a) (`any person who, knowing another person is a prostitute
. . . derives support or maintenance . . . from the . . . proceeds of the
person's prostitution. . . is guilty of pimping, a felony’). She filed a
motion pursuant to section 1538.5 seeking to suppress all objects found in the
vehicle and, in addition, `[a]ny and all writings printed or copied or
memorialized in any way from defendant Miao's Cell Phone, Computer, iPad or any
other electronic device seized by the police from the defendant Zhuang Miao.’
After receiving testimony and argument,
the court denied the motion with the following explanation: `The term “consent”
is a term of art. The officer testified that he asked whether he could search
the car. He didn't say whether I can have your consent to search the car. He
asked the question, she said yes, and then the last consent, but the term
“consent” isn't anything that was hoisted on your client. So the fact that she
doesn't know what “consent” means is really not relevant. And I find that there
was sufficient cause to proceed based on the evidence that I've heard and the
motion is denied.’
People v. Zhuang Miao,
supra.
The opinion explains that after the judge denied her motion
to suppress, Zhuang Miao
pled no contest to an amended charge of
procuring a person for the purpose of prostitution by force or false inducement
(§ 266a). Pursuant to the plea agreement, she was placed on probation for
three years, with a 90–day term in county jail or the Sheriff's Work Program.
She timely filed a notice of appeal, challenging the denial of her motion to
suppress.
People v. Zhuang Miao,
supra.
Zhuang Miao made two arguments on appeal: (i) she was illegally
detained by Officer Herrera and the other officers in violation of the 4th
Amendment; and/or (ii) the police search of her iPad was conducted without her
consent and in violation of the 4th Amendment. People v. Zhuang Miao, supra.
The Court of Appeals rather quickly disposed of the first
argument, explaining that
[Zhuang Miao] contends that she was
detained `at the time that Officer Herrera approached her car’ or at least when
the officer obtained and temporarily retained her identification. We do not
necessarily agree that either of those circumstances, or any of the surrounding
circumstances up to that point in time, gave rise to a detention. (See, e.g., People v. Cartwright (California
Court of Appeals 1999) 72 Cal.App.4th 1362, 1370–1372).
However, even assuming there was a
detention, the officer unquestionably was aware of sufficient facts suggesting
that defendant was engaged in unlawful activity to justify the detention. The
officer was aware of the recent report, apparently from the desk clerk, that
persons in a gray Hyundai had dropped off two women at the hotel that the
caller believed were engaged in prostitution. [Zhuang Miao] was found in a car
matching the caller's description and acknowledged that she was not a guest of
the hotel.
Momentarily, two women, both dressed in
clothing customarily worn by prostitutes, exited the hotel and approached the
car until they observed the officer and then immediately turned and walked in
the other direction. These facts supported the reasonable suspicion that [Zhuang
Miao] was involved in facilitating illegal prostitution by the two women, and
justified a detention to investigate further. (People v. Souza (California
Court of Appeals 1994) 9 Cal.4th 224, 230; People v. Pitts (California
Court of Appeals 2004) 117 Cal. App.4th 881, 885.) Unlike the situation in Pitts, on
which defendant relies, the facts known to Herrera—including his personal
observation of the two apparent prostitutes returning to defendant's car and
retreating when they noticed the police officer—was sufficient `in its
individual parts and sum total to constitute the requisite amount of specific
and articulable facts to justify [the] detention.’ (People v. Pitts, supra).
People v. Zhuang Miao,
supra.
The court then took up Zhuang Miao’s argument that the
police search of her iPad was conducted without her consent and in violation of
the 4th Amendment. People v.
Zhuang Miao, supra. The Court of
Appeals began its analysis of this argument by explaining that
[d]efendant does not dispute that if
she was not unlawfully detained, her consent to the search of her car
authorized the search that produced, among other evidence, the several
telephones and money pouch found on the back seat and the condoms found in the
trunk of the vehicle. Therefore, insofar as the motion to suppress was directed
to those items, the motion was properly denied. (E.g., People v. Brown (California
Court of Appeals 1998) 62 Cal. App. 4th 493, 499–500.)
People v. Zhuang Miao,
supra
The Court of Appeals then took up Zhuang Miao’s second
argument, i.e., that the police search of her iPad was conducted without her
consent and in violation of the 4th Amendment. People v. Zhuang Miao, supra.
It began by explaining that she did not
dispute that if she was not unlawfully
detained, her consent to the search of her car authorized the search that
produced, among other evidence, the several telephones and money pouch found on
the back seat and the condoms found in the trunk of the vehicle. Therefore,
insofar as the motion to suppress was directed to those items, the motion was
properly denied. (E.g., People v. Brown (California Court of
Appeals 1998) 62 Cal.App.4th 493, 499.)
People v. Zhuang Miao,
supra.
As Wikipedia explains, “consent” is an exception to the 4th
Amendment’s default rule that law enforcement officers must obtain a search
warrant in order to search a given place or thing and seize the evidence, if
any, they find. As Wikipedia also notes, to be valid, consent must be given
“voluntarily” and be given by someone who “has the right to consent to” the
search of the property at issue.
Getting back to the opinion, the Court of Appeals explained
that Zhuang Miao’s
voluntary consent to the search of her
car also removes any basis to suppress the iPad found on the back seat of the
car. However, the fact that defendant consented to the search of the car, in
which the iPad was located, does not mean that she consented to the officer
opening the iPad and viewing its contents. To the contrary, defendant told
Herrera to `go ahead’ and search the car after the officer told her he was `looking
for guns, knives, anything dangerous.’
Her consent given in response to that
request cannot reasonably by construed as permission to open her iPad and view
the data that she maintained on the electronic device. `”A consensual search
may not legally exceed the scope of the consent supporting it.”’ (People v.
Cantor (California Court of Appeals 2007) 149 Cal.App.4th 961, 965.)
The prosecution bears the burden of proving that the officer's warrantless
search was within the scope of defendant's consent—that `”the typical
reasonable person [would] have understood by the exchange between the officer
and the suspect”’ that the consent extended to the object searched. People
v. Cantor, supra.
Although an appellate court will uphold
the trial court's determination unless clearly erroneous, as in Cantor, `[t]he
trial court [here] erred as a matter of law by failing to recognize the limited
scope of defendant's consent.’ (People v. Cantor, supra; see also, e.g., U.S. v. Dichiarinte
(U.S. Court ofAppeals for the 7th Circuit 1971) 445 F.2d 126.) Insofar as defendant's motion
sought to suppress all information obtained from opening and viewing the
digital data stored on defendant's iPad, and the evidence obtained as the
result of that search (Wong Sun v. U.S., (1963) 371 U.S. 471), the
motion should have been granted.
People v. Zhuang Miao,
supra.
The Court of Appeals went on to explain that the U.S. Supreme Court
has now
held that a warrantless search incident to an arrest does not permit a search
of the digital contents
of a cell phone seized incident to the arrest, and the decision undoubtedly
extends to the contents of other electronic devices such as an iPad. (Rileyv. California (2014) – U.S. – [134 S.Ct. 2473].) At the time of the
events in question in the present case, Riley had not yet been
decided, and the California Supreme Court had reached a contrary conclusion
in People v. Diaz (2011) 51 Cal.4th 84. The Attorney General
recognizes that Riley applies retroactively (People v. Cage (2007)
40 Cal.4th 965, 974, fn. 4) but argues that the decision is inapplicable here
because the search of the iPad was a valid consensual search, a contention that
we have just rejected.
The Attorney General also contends that
`if the court were to find that Riley would make the search of the
iPad improper, the exclusionary rule should not be applied because of the goodfaith exception to the Fourth Amendment requirement of a
warrant.’ However, our conclusion that the search of the digital content of the iPad was
unlawful does not rest on the decision in Riley. The search of
defendant's iPad occurred prior to defendant's arrest. No attempt was made by
the arresting officer, the prosecutor or the trial court to justify the search
of the iPad as incident to either an arrest or a lawful detention. As just
indicated, the Attorney General herself argues that the search was authorized
by defendant's consent but, as we have held, the search of the digital content of
the iPad exceeded the scope of defendant's consent. The good faith exception
does not apply.
Thus, we conclude that the trial court
erred in denying the suppression motion insofar as the motion sought to
suppress evidence of the information Herrera observed when he activated
defendant's iPad, testimony concerning the correlation of that information with
the phone numbers of the cell phones found in defendant's car, and testimony of
statements made by defendant when confronted with that information. Since
defendant entered her no contest plea following the denial of the motion to
suppress, her conviction must be reversed and the matter remanded to give
defendant the opportunity to withdraw her plea if she so elects. (People v.
Hill (California Supreme Court 1974) 12 Cal.3d 731, 767–770).
People v. Zhuang Miao,
supra.
For these and other reasons, the Court of Appeals therefore
held that “[t]he judgment is reversed and the matter remanded for further
proceedings consistent with this opinion.” People
v. Zhuang Miao, supra.
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