Defamation, the Fake Facebook Page and Punitive Damages

This post examines an opinion from the Wisconsin Court of Appeals:  Laughland v. Beckett, 365 Wis.2d 148, 870 N.W.2d 466 (2015).  The court begins by explaining how, and why, the lawsuit arose:

On or about January 10, 2010, Beckett created a Facebook page under the name `Stephen Laughland II.’ Beckett used the email address consumer.advocate.WI@gmail.com. At the time, Laughland was an adjunct lecturer at multiple Milwaukee-area schools, including Marquette University. On January 28, 2010, Beckett, using the `consumer.advocate.WI’ email address, sent an email to Laughland's Marquette University email address, berating Laughland for his`total disregard for the financial freedoms that this country provides.’ Then Beckett went on to accuse Laughland of `manipulating the system,’ and threatened `[t]here comes a time when people such as yourself get exposed. I want you to know that your day has come. . . . I can say that some day soon that you will pay the price for your financial recklessness and dishonesty.’ Laughland contacted Marquette University security and was referred to local law enforcement. At the time, Laughland did not know about the Facebook page in his name. 

Laughland v. Beckett, supra. The court went on to explain that, on April 10, 2010,

Laughland received an email from an acquaintance saying: `I received a [Facebook] friend request from you however, it must be someone using your name. It says horrible things about you etc. Just a FYI, you may want to report it.’ Laughland then `google searched’ his name and discovered the Facebook account.The Facebook account had a picture of Laughland and many negative comments, purporting to be by Laughland about himself. The comments began in January 2010 and continued through April 2010. It is undisputed that Beckett, as the creator and administrator of the page, posted the comments. The initial comment, posted in January 2010, stated, in part:`This is what I would like to consider a public service profile for anyone that is not aware of Mr. Laughland's total disregard for the financial freedoms we as consumers cherish. It is due to people like this that Banks are in trouble, we pay more to use our credit cards, and it is hard to trust people.’ . . .
`I was asked to see if I could help people avoid this preying swindler. . . .’`Since he knows so much about bank manipulation Marquette must have believed [sic] that he was an excellent choice [sic] to teach Bank Management.’

Laughland v. Beckett, supra.   According to the opinion, 

[m]ultiple people became `friends’ with the Facebook page at issue, allowing them to view comments and posts made on and from the Facebook page. In March 2010, Beckett made the following post, still purporting to be Laughland commenting on himself:`Manipulation, control and, deceipt [sic]! I would like to continue my useless life. I have no problem being a debt to society as long as I can continue [to] manipulate people, banks, and credit card companies. I wonder what my children think about having such a loser for a father.’Beckett persisted, and in April 2010 posted the following on the fictitious Laughland Facebook page:`It is nice being a loser and taking advantage of banks and credit card companies. I am not sure why more people have not caught onto the fact that I am a low life manipulative person.’On April 21, 2010, Peggy Hoppa Jones, an acquaintance of Laughland's, sent a message to the Facebook page stating that she was `looking to reconnect with Steve and came across this site.’ Jones further messaged: `Who are you? I was not aware of any of this info? Where did you find it?’ Beckett responded: `I do this in hopes that others may benefit from trusting avoiding corrupt individuals . . . I see my self [sic] as offering a public service.’

Laughland v. Beckett, supra.  

According to the court, the next development was that Laughland 

became aware of the Facebook page, Laughland suspected Jean Placke, the mother of his child, had created the page out of spite because the two were embroiled in a custody battle. Laughland hired an attorney to investigate whether Placke created the page. It was subsequently determined that Beckett, who was Placke's boyfriend at the time, was the actual creator of the fictitious Laughland Facebook page. Beckett admits he had never met Laughland. In July 2012, Laughland filed the defamation action underlying this appeal against Beckett. Beckett moved for summary judgment to dismiss Laughland's claims. Beckett argued that Laughland's claims were barred by the two-year statute of limitations for defamation that existed at the time the Facebook page was created in January 2010. However, in February 2010, the statute of limitations for defamation was modified to extend the time for filing a claim to three years. Because Beckett's last post was in April 2012, the circuit court concluded that the three-year statute of limitations applied to Laughland's claims and denied the motion. Prior to trial, the parties stipulated that Beckett created the Facebook page and wrote all of the posts about Laughland. At trial, Beckett maintained that the posts were not defamatory because (1) the statements were true based on facts in public records, or because (2) the statements were simply Beckett's opinions.

Laughland v. Beckett, supra.  

Att the trial Beckett testified that as a result of 

`google’ searches and searches on the Wisconsin Circuit Court Access system, he found records of Laughland's foreclosure and bankruptcy, and concluded that Laughland's financial struggles were the result of `irresponsible reckless[ness].’ These records, Beckett claimed, inspired him to create the Facebook page chastising Laughland. Beckett admitted, however, that he had no documentation to support his contention that Laughland `manipulated the system.’
 Beckett copied a picture of Laughland from the Marquette University website to use as the profile picture on the fictitious Laughland Facebook page. Beckett also stated that he invited Laughland's friends to become Facebook `friends’ with the page because he hoped to `try and inform people of Mr. Laughland's background so they wouldn't fall victim to any of his—what I saw in my opinion as . . . manipulation, and deceit. And I invited his friends to be my friends.’

Laughland v. Beckett, supra.  

The Circuit Court Judge found that “Beckett defamed Laughland”. The judge wrote that, 

`[t]o say my opinion is, and there's a reasonable basis to believe that this man is a swindler, that [t]his man is a bank manipulator, et cetera; I don't think you can do that legally. I just don't think that you can enter and say that's just my opinion ... when you are publishing, et cetera.’ `The real corker in that one, I think, is motivation here. . . .I didn't buy the explanation that I was doing this because I want to protect other people.’ `There was one and only one motivation for this. I guess you can break it down into two. It was the ever loveable Miss Placke in an attempt to impress her and an attempt to rundown in her eyes Mr. Laughland. You put all of that together and you've got the ill will, you've got the malice, you've got the defamatory statements, et cetera.’ The court also found that Laughland was entitled to $15,000 in general damages and $10,000 in punitive damages.

Laughland v. Beckett, supra.  The news story you can find here discusses the trial and the damage awards in a little more detail.

Beckett appealed, arguing, among other things, that “his statements were not defamatory” and that the “circuit court `failed to justify’ the damages awards”. Laughland v. Beckett, supra. The Court of Appeals addressed his arguments in this order, beginning with the issue of defamation.  Laughland v. Beckett, supra.  

The court began its analysis of Beckett’s defamation argument by explaining that Beckett

argues that his Facebook posts were not defamatory because: (1) the statements were substantially true; (2) the statements were simply his opinions; and (3) Laughland did not prove harm to his reputation. When reviewing the circuit court's findings in a bench trial, we will not overturn the circuit court's factual findings unless they are clearly erroneous. See WIS. STAT. § 805.17(2). We search the record for evidence to support the court's factual findings. See Johnson v. Merta, 95 Wis.2d 141, 289 N.W.2d 813 (Wisconsin Supreme Court 1980).  `The first inquiry in evaluating a defamation claim is whether the communication is capable of a defamatory meaning, that is, whether the words complained of are “reasonably capable of conveying a defamatory meaning to the ordinary mind and whether the meaning ascribed by [the] plaintiff[ ] is a natural and proper one.”’ Bauer v. Murphy, 191 Wis.2d 517, 523, 530 N.W.2d 1 (Wisconsin Court of Appeals 1995). . . . `The determination is one of law for the [circuit] court, and our review is de novo.’ Id. . . .
 `The elements of a common law action for defamation are: (1) a false statement; (2) communicated by speech, conduct or in writing to a person other than the one defamed; and (3) the communication is unprivileged and tends to harm one's reputation, lowering him or her in the estimation of the community or deterring third persons from associating or dealing with him or her.’ Ladd v. Uecker, 323 Wis.2d 798, 780 N.W.2d 216 (Wisconsin Court of Appeals 2015). If we determine that the statements at issue are defamatory, we must consider the defenses alleged. See id. “Truth is a complete defense.” Id. Opinions are also considered defenses to defamation under certain circumstances. See Milkovich v. Lorain Journal Co., 497 U.S. 1 (1990) (Under the common law principle of `fair comment,’ legal immunity is afforded for the honest expression of opinion on matters of public interest when based upon a true or privileged statement of fact not made solely for the purpose of causing harm.).

Laughland v. Beckett, supra (emphasis in the original).

The Court of Appeals then took up Beckett’s argument that his statements were “substantially true”, explaining that "substantial truth" is a 

defense to a defamation action. Prahl v. Brosamle, 98 Wis.2d 130, 295 N.W.2d 768 (Wisconsin Court of Appeals1980), abrogated on other grounds by Wilson v. Layne, 526 U.S. 603 (1999). The doctrine of substantial truth provides that  ‘”[s]light inaccuracies of expression”’ do not make the alleged defamation false. Lathan v. The Journal Co., 30 Wis.2d 146, 140 N.W.2d 417 (Wisconsin Supreme Court 1966) (citation omitted). Here, the circuit court found that Beckett failed to establish that his statements were `substantially true’ or `slight inaccuracies of expression.’ The record supports the circuit court's findings. Among the many assertions made by Beckett on the fictitious Laughland Facebook page are the following: • Laughland is `a low life’;• Laughland is a `preying swindler’;• Laughland is a `loser’;• Laughland `defrauded banks’;• Laughland engaged in `underhanded business practices’;• Laughland was `corrupt’ and a `debt to society’;• Laughland `manipulated banks and credit card companies’; and• If Marquette University offered a class in bank manipulation, Laughland would be the perfect candidate.

Laughland v. Beckett, supra.  The Court of Appeals explained that Beckett claimed

these statements are all based on public records. In fact, they are based only on Beckett's speculation about the meaning of those public records. Beckett cites foreclosure, bankruptcy and collection actions filed by several banks against Laughland as support for his (Beckett's) contention that Laughland committed `fraud’ and `misrepresentation.’ At trial, however, Beckett provided no evidence that the claims made by the banks involved allegations of Laughland's fraud, deceit or bank `manipulation.’ Indeed, Beckett conceded that he had virtually no documentation to support his claims. We conclude that the `public record’ documentation before us contains no evidence that Laughland `defrauded banks,’ was `corrupt,’ was `a swindler,’ had `underhanded business practices,’ or `manipulated banks and credit card companies.’

Laughland v. Beckett, supra.  It went on to point out that, 

[a]pparently as part of Laughland's August 15, 2013 response to Beckett's discovery demands, Beckett obtained redacted copies of Laughland's tax returns from 2009 through 2012. These returns report business losses. Beckett claims the business losses are evidence that Laughland was dishonest with taxing authorities, making Beckett's posts at least substantially true. In the context of this defamation suit, that claim is a non-starter. Beckett posted his defamatory allegations between January 10, 2010, and April 27, 2010. Beckett does not demonstrate in the record that he had those documents at the time of his defamatory posts. Thus, Laughland's tax returns could not have been the source of any knowledge Beckett had when he was posting on the fictitious Laughland Facebook page. There is not a scintilla of support in the record for Beckett's claim that Laughland engaged in fraudulent tax activities. Similarly, Beckett's public declarations that Laughland's foreclosure and bankruptcy constituted fraud and made Laughland a `corrupt’ `low life loser,’ among other things, are nothing more than Beckett's speculation. As such, Beckett's attempts to defend his defamatory postings as `substantially true’ have no support in the record. Beckett's posts were defamatory and intentionally published by Beckett, who had no reason to believe his statements were substantially true.

Laughland v. Beckett, supra.  

It then addressed whether Beckett’s statements were “protected opinions”, noting that

[h]aving determined that the statements are defamatory, we turn to whether they are protected by a privilege. Beckett argues that the posts were simply statements of his opinion. As explained in WIS. JI—CIVIL 2500: `Generally, the defamatory communication must be a statement of fact. An expression of opinion generally cannot be the basis of a defamation action. However, where the defamer departs from expressing “pure opinion” and communicates what the courts have described as “mixed opinion,” then liability may result . . . “Mixed opinion” is a communication which blends an expression of opinion with a statement of fact. This type of a communication is actionable if it implies the assertion of undisclosed defamatory facts as the basis of the opinion.’ (Internal citation omitted.) However, `communications are not made nondefamatory as a matter of law merely because they are phrased as opinions, suspicions or beliefs.’ beliefs.’ Converters Equip. Corp. v. Condes Corp., 80 Wis.2d 257, 258 N.W.2d 712 (Wisconsin Supreme Court 1977). We conclude that Beckett's statements were all variations of the underlying (and unsubstantiated) factual assertion that Laughland engaged in fraudulent financial activity. Beckett's Facebook posts did not merely opine that Laughland was a `low life loser.’ Rather, Beckett made specific allegations—many written in the first person—accusing Laughland of defrauding banks, `manipulating banks and credit card companies’ and engaging in `underhanded business practices.’ As stated, the record contains no factual basis for Beckett's assertions, even if we view them as `opinions.’ The evidence supports the circuit court's conclusion that Beckett's statements were not protected `opinions.’

Laughland v. Beckett, supra.  (The WIS. JI—CIVIL 2500 reference cites a source of civil jury instructions in Wisconsin.)

The Court of Appeals then took up whether Beckett’s statements caused “harm to Laughland’s reputation.” Laughland v. Beckett, supra.  It began by noting Beckett argued

that there is no evidence that anyone, other than the person who reported the page to Laughland, viewed the Facebook page. Thus he contends that his actions were not defamatory because no harm to Laughland's reputation has been proven.

Laughland v. Beckett, supra. 

It then explained that the  

`distinction between defamation, which is actionable by itself, or per se, and that which requires proof of special damages is not the same as the distinction between language which may be defamatory on its face or may convey a defamatory meaning only by reason of extrinsic circumstances.’ Martin v. Outboard Marine Corp., 15 Wis.2d 452, 113 N.W.2d 135 (Wisconsin Supreme Court 1962). `If the only possible meaning or meanings of the communication under all the facts in the case are defamatory as applied to the plaintiff and could only be reasonably so understood by the recipient, the court may hold the language defamatory as a matter of law.’  Martin v. Outboard Marine Corp., supra. A communication defames if it tends to damage one's reputation in the community or to deter other persons from associating with the defamed individual. Converters Equip. Corp. v. Condes Corp., supra. The record supports the circuit court's conclusion that Beckett's Facebook posts intended to, and did, devalue Laughland's reputation. By April 2010, the Facebook page had six `friends’—people whom Beckett thought were connected to Laughland and actively sought to view the page. The page was named after Laughland.  When Laughland's acquaintance notified Laughland of the page, she wrote that someone was saying `horrible’ things about him. Beckett reached out to another acquaintance of Laughland's, while using Laughland's name, with the message: `Thanks for asking a low life like me to be your friend. If you ever need help defrauding a bank, I am your man!’

Laughland v. Beckett, supra. 

The Court of Appeals therefore found that that Beckett’s comments,

by the very nature of existing on a Facebook page, were accessible to other Facebook users. The record establishes that Beckett's comments were indeed viewed by third parties, as the page had six `friends.’ Beckett made comments implying that Marquette University was risking its reputation by employing Laughland. All of the defamatory comments, placed on a social media page accessible to other social media users, and Beckett's active efforts to solicit `friends,’ support the circuit court's conclusion that Beckett intended to, and indeed did, lower Laughland's reputation.

Laughland v. Beckett, supra. 

Finally, it found that the Circuit Court Judge did not err in awarding punitive damages, explaining that

`[w]e apply a highly deferential standard of review to damage awards, affirming if there is any credible evidence which under any reasonable view supports the finding.’ See The Selmer Co. v. Rinn, 328 Wis.2d 263, 789 N.W.2d 621 (Wisconsin Supreme Court 2010). In Wisconsin, the award of punitive damages is within the discretion of the factfinder. See Jacque v. Steenberg Homes, Inc., 209 Wis.2d 605, 563 N.W.2d 154 (Wisconsin Supreme Court 1997). `We are reluctant to set aside an award merely because it is large or we would have awarded less.’ Jacque v. Steenberg Homes, Inc.., supra.
 `A person's reputation and good name is of inestimable value to him and once it has been besmirched by another through carelessness or malice restoration is virtually impossible. Protection of a citizen's good name is a proper concern of the state.’ Denny v. Mertz, 106 Wis.2d 636, 318 N.W.2d 141 (Wisconsin Supreme Court 1982) (footnote omitted). The nonpecuniary injury that damages in defamation cases compensate for include: impairment to reputation and standing in the community, personal humiliation, and mental anguish and suffering. Denny v. Mertz, supra. In defamation actions, general damages are presumed to `follow inevitably from defamatory imputation, and ... are often recoverable without proof of injury.’ Dalton v. Meister, 52 Wis.2d 173, 188 N.W.2d 494 (Wisconsin Supreme Court 1971). Although proof of specific economic loss by reason of the defamation is not required in order to recover general damages for impairment of one's reputation and standing in the community, at trial Laughland presented a summary of what he considered his economic losses as a result of Beckett's defamatory postings.  Laughland did not estimate the monetary value of the damage to his `social reputation,’ but described his reaction to learning of the fictitious Laughland Facebook page as follows: `I was very concerned for my reputation. I did a Google search and [it] came up as a first hit[,] just my name and so I know everyone could see it. . . .'  `[W]hen I saw this situation unfold and realized that there was a profile of the nature that was out there[,] I had sheer panic because I knew without hesitation that a lot of people were going to see it, especially after I . . . found out it hit a top Google search. . . .' `I was mortified and petrified that something bad was, you know, potentially was going to happen, because of my reputation because of that sitting there.' The circuit court acknowledged Laughland's humiliation and found that the Facebook posts undoubtedly diminished Laughland's reputation. In view of the repeated and continuing effort Beckett expended to disparage and humiliate Laughland, and the reactions of at least two people to the fictitious Laughland Facebook page, the record supports the circuit court's conclusion that $15,000 for general damage was reasonable.
 The circuit court was not required to provide a formulaic breakdown of its damages award. See Prahl v. Brosamle, 142 Wis.2d 658, 420 N.W.2d 372 (Wisconsin Court of Appeals 1987) (We will not reverse a circuit court's damages determination if the record shows that the court exercised discretion and provides a reasonable basis for the court's decision.). The court reasonably exercised its discretion as to general damages.

Laughland v. Beckett, supra. 

Finally, the Court of Appeals took up the issue of "punishing damages," explaining that

Wisconsin recognizes `express malice’ as a basis for punitive damages in a private defamation action. See Calero v. Del Chem. Corp., 68 Wis.2d 487, 228 N.W.2d 737 (Wisconsin Supreme Court 1975). `Express malice is that malice described . . . that is ill will, envy, spite, revenge.’ Calero v. Del Chem. Corp., supra. . . . Express malice is also known as `common-law malice.’ Calero v. Del Chem. Corp., supra. . . . Punitive damages are awarded `to punish the wrongdoer for his malice and to deter others from like conduct. . . . Consideration should be given to the wrongdoer's ability to pay and the grievousness of his acts, the degree of malicious intention, and potential damage which might have been done by such acts as well as the actual damage.’ See Malco, Inc. v. Midwest Aluminum Sales, 14 Wis.2d 57, 109 N.W.2d 516 (Wisconsin Supreme Court 1961). The circuit court found that Beckett intended to damage Laughland's reputation out of `love’ for, and in order to improve his own standing with, Laughland's former girlfriend, Placke. The circuit court found Beckett's conduct was intentional and malicious. Thus, the circuit court concluded an award of $10,000 in punitive damages was appropriate to punish Beckett's conduct and to deter others from future conduct of a similar nature.
 The punitive damage award was two-thirds of the general damages awarded. Wisconsin courts have approved punitive damages in ratios far exceeding compensatory damages. See Trinity Evangelical Lutheran Church & Sch.–Freistadt v. Tower Ins. Co., 261 Wis.2d 333, 661 N.W.2d 789 (upholding a punitive damages award that had a 7:1 ratio to the compensatory damages); D.L. Anderson's Lakeside Leisure Co. v. Anderson,  314 Wis.2d 560, 757 N.W.2d 803 (finding punitive damages in an amount twice that of the compensatory damages were not excessive). Here, a punitive damage award that is merely sixty-six percent of the general damage award does not shock our conscience. The circuit court did not erroneously exercise its discretion.

Laughland v. Beckett, supra.  The Court of Appeals therefore affirmed the judgment of the Circuit Court. Laughland v. Beckett, supra.  The news story you can find here discusses that decision.