This post examines a U.S. District Court Judge in the Southern District of Illinois's recent opinion in a civil case: Troeckler
v. Zeiser, 2015 WL 1042187 (2015). The suit
was brought by two plaintiffs: Theresa Troeckler
and Candice Zeiser sued Donald Zeiser, Steven Jacobsen, Kyvon Services, LLC,
Mark Stueck, William Reynolds and Brighton Lewis, Inc. Troeckler
v. Zeiser, supra.
The judge begins her opinion by explaining how, and why, the
suit arose:
Troeckler is the mother of [Candice] Zeiser.
[Candice] was previously married to [Donald] Zeiser. On April 12, 2012,
Troeckler located a black box attached underneath her vehicle after receiving a
call from an anonymous individual informing her she was being tracked.
The Madison County Sheriff's Department
took the black box into evidence and ultimately identified it as a World Tracker Enduro Pro tracking device owned by Tracking the World, Inc. The
Sheriff's Department further concluded that the tracking device had been
removed and reattached multiple times by Jacobsen and Reynolds at [Donald]
Zeiser's request.
Ultimately, the Sheriff's Department
learned from Tracking the World, Inc. that the device was registered to Stueck
who had worked for Kyvon from approximately 2001 through November 2011. For
several years, Stueck worked exclusively for Kyvon's client, [Donald] Zeiser.
On September 28, 2012, the Sheriff's
Department also found that an internet provider address registered to [Donald]
Zeiser indicated repeated unauthorized log-in attempts to Troeckler's personal
email account which continued until 2013 and during the . . . the Sheriff's investigation.
On November 7, 2012, the Sheriff's Department determined that Zeiser and Stueck
had accessed [Candice’s] Zeiser's email account, computer, and cell phone
without her consent or knowledge.
Troeckler v. Zeiser,
supra.
The judge goes on to explains that the plaintiffs’
Second Amended Complaint alleges as
follows: (1) Count I—Invasion of Privacy—Intrusion Upon Seclusion against all
defendants; (2) Count II—Negligence against HTTP Management Group, Inc.,
Procomm Voice and Data Solutions, Inc., Kyvon, Lawrence Hopp, and Margaret
Christine Hopp; (3) Count III—Civil Conspiracy against all defendants; and (4)
Count IV—Punitive Damages against [Donald] Zeiser, Stueck, Reynolds and
Jacobsen. HTTP Management Group, Inc., Procomm Voice and Data Solutions, Inc.,
Kyvon, Lawrence Hopp, and Margaret Christine Hopp were dismissed from this
case, leaving only Counts I, III and IV pending.
Troeckler v. Zeiser,
supra.
She then notes that
Zeiser, Jacobsen, Kyvon, Stueck,
Reynolds, and Brighton Lewis, Inc. filed identical motions to dismiss
Plaintiffs' Second Amended Complaint asserting that Plaintiffs fail to state a
claim pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). Specifically,
with respect to Count I, Defendants argue that tracking Troeckler's vehicle did
not constitute a private matter or private fact.
Further, they maintain that Plaintiffs
did not affirmatively allege sufficient conduct when they stated
Defendants likely accessed Plaintiff Zeiser's personal
accounts or that an IP address registered to Defendant Zeiser showed evidence
of logins to Troeckler's email.
With respect to the civil conspiracy
allegations in Count III, Defendants contend this count necessarily fails
because Plaintiffs failed to state the independent cause of action for
intrusion upon seclusion underlying their conspiracy allegations. Finally,
Defendants maintain that Count IV must be dismissed because punitive damages
are a type of remedy, not a separate cause of action.
Troeckler v. Zeiser,
supra (emphasis in the original).
The Judge then analyzed the arguments the defendants made as
to why the remaining causes of action should also be dismissed. Troeckler v. Zeiser, supra.
She began with the “invasion of privacy by intrusion upon seclusion”
cause of action, noting that
Illinois follows the Restatement
(Second) of Torts which defines invasion of privacy by intrusion upon seclusion
as follows:
`One who intentionally intrudes,
physically or otherwise, upon the solitude or seclusion of another or his
private affairs or concerns, is subject to liability to the other for invasion
of his privacy, if the intrusion would be highly offensive to a reasonable
person.’ Busse v. Motorola, Inc.,
813 N.E.2d 1013 (Illinois Court
of Appeals
2004) (citing (Restatement (Second) of Torts § 652B, at 278 (1977)).
To state a cause of action for the tort
of invasion of privacy by intrusion upon seclusion, a plaintiff must allege the
following four elements: `(1) an unauthorized intrusion or prying into the
plaintiff's seclusion; (2) an intrusion that is offensive or objectionable to a
reasonable person; (3) the matter upon which the intrusion occurs is private;
and (4) the intrusion causes anguish and suffering.’ Johnson v. K-mart
Corp., 723 N.E.2d 1192 (Illinois Court of Appeals 2000).
Troeckler v. Zeiser,
supra.
The judge is applying Illinois law in this case because the
suit is in federal court pursuant to the court’s diversity jurisdiction, which,
as Wikipedia explains, lets a U.S. District Court hear and decide a civil suit
as long as the parties are “diverse,” i.e., one or more are from different U.S.
States. In diversity jurisdiction cases,
the federal court applies the law of the state in which the suit is filed.
In moving to dismiss the invasion of privacy cause of
action, the defendants argued that Theresa Troeckler and Candice Zeiser
fail to allege the third element in
that the tracking of a vehicle is not a private matter or fact because a
vehicle can be readily observed by others. The third element of the tort of
invasion of privacy by intrusion upon seclusion `is a predicate for the other
three. Without private facts, the other three elements of the tort need not be
reached.’ Busse v.
Motorola, Inc., supra.
Troeckler v. Zeiser,
supra.
The judge began her
analysis of their argument by explaining that an Illinois court
has found that the privacy element has
been satisfied where a defendant poked holes in the ceiling of a women's
restroom to view the women changing clothes and using the restroom. Benitez
v. KFC Nat'l Mgmt. Co., 714 N.E.2d 1002 (Illinois Court of Appeals 1999).
Patients also satisfied the privacy element where a video camera in a nurse
manager's office captured video of nurses performing medical examinations on
the patients. Acuff v. IBP, Inc., 77 F.Supp.2d 914 (U.S.
District Court for the Southern District of Illinois 1999). Illinois courts,
however, have held that facts found in public records, such as names,
addresses, dates of birth, and marriage are not private facts and thus do not
satisfy the privacy element. Johnson v. K-Mart Corp, supra. The
privacy element was also not satisfied where neighbors aimed a surveillance
camera at the plaintiffs' garage, driveway, side-door area, and backyard
because those areas could be viewed by a passerby on the street. Schiller
v. Mitchell, 828 N.E.2d 323 (Illinois Court of Appeals 2005).
While Illinois courts have not
specifically addressed the placement of a GPS tracking device in the context of
this tort, other jurisdictions provide guidance. For instance, a New Jersey
court, also following the Restatement (Second) of Torts, concluded that the
privacy element was not satisfied where a wife, at the behest of her hired
investigators, placed a GPS tracking device in her soon-to-be ex-husband's
vehicle to investigate his `suspected infidelities.' Villanova v.
Innovative Investigations, Inc., 21 A.3d 650 (New Jersey Court of Appeals 2011). The court found it relevant that there was no evidence that the
ex-husband drove the vehicle into a private or secluded location where he had a
reasonable expectation of privacy. Villanova v. Innovative
Investigations, Inc., supra. The Court finds this opinion persuasive.
Troeckler v. Zeiser,
supra.
She then found that
[h]ere, unlike Benitez and Acuff which
alleged surveillance in the private locations of a restroom and nurse's office,
Plaintiffs do not allege that the GPS tracking device captured any private
activity. Rather, the facts in this case are analogous to Villanova,
Johnson, and Schiller to the extent that Plaintiffs have
failed to plead that the placement of the GPS led to the disclosure of private
facts.
Specifically, like Villanova, Plaintiffs
failed to plead that the GPS vehicle conveyed information that the vehicle was
driven into a private secluded location in which Plaintiffs would have a
reasonable expectation of privacy. In other words, Plaintiffs have failed to
plead how a passerby on the street or an individual in another vehicle could
not capture the same information that the tracking device captured and thus
have failed to plead the disclosure of a private fact.
Troeckler v. Zeiser,
supra.
The judge also noted that Theresa Troeckler and Candice
Zeiser argued that
U.S. v. Jones, 132 S.Ct. 945 (2012), supports their position. In Jones, the Supreme
Court concluded that placement of a GPS tracking device on a vehicle and the
use of the device constituted a search for purposes of the 4th Amendment
because `[t]he Government physically occupied private property for the purpose
of obtaining information.’ U.S. v. Jones, supra.
The requirements for a search under the
4th Amendment, however, are different than the elements of the tort at issue.
Illinois' tort of invasion of privacy by intrusion upon seclusion requires the
disclosure of a private matter or private fact in addition to an unauthorized
intrusion or prying into the plaintiff's seclusion. Thus, Jones is
inapposite to the instant case. For the foregoing reasons, the Court concludes
that Plaintiffs failed to plead facts that satisfy the privacy element with
respect to the GPS tracking device.
Troeckler v. Zeiser,
supra.
She went on to explain that,
[n]ext, Defendants contend that
Plaintiffs failed to state a claim for the tort of invasion of privacy by
intrusion upon seclusion with respect to the remaining two intrusions because
they did not affirmatively allege action taken on behalf of any defendant.
Specifically, Plaintiffs alleged
Defendants [Donald] Zeiser and Stueck likely accessed [Candice]
Zeiser's e-mail, personal computer, and personal cell phone. Further, they
state that an internet provider address registered to [Donald] Zeiser
showed evidence of log-ins to Troeckler's e-mail. The Court
does not find Defendants' argument persuasive.
Plaintiffs allege that Defendants
Zeiser and Stueck accessed Plaintiffs' personal accounts without authorization.
These allegations are sufficient to raise Plaintiffs' right to relief beyond a
speculative level and to satisfy the elements of the tort of invasion of
privacy by intrusion upon seclusion.
Troeckler v. Zeiser,
supra.
The judge then took up the defendants’ motion to dismiss the
plaintiff’s civil conspiracy cause of action.
Troeckler v. Zeiser, supra.
The defendants argued that the plaintiffs’
civil Cconspiracy claim fails because
they failed to state the underlying tort of invasion of privacy by intrusion
upon seclusion. Civil conspiracy is not a separate tort under Illinois
law. Thomas v. Fuerst, 803 N.E.2d 619 (Illinois Court of
Appeals 2004). Where a plaintiff fails to state a claim for an underlying tort
supporting the conspiracy allegation, the conspiracy claim necessarily
fails. Thomas v. Fuerst, supra.
Here, the conspiracy claim fails only
to the extent that the tort of invasion of privacy by intrusion upon seclusion
claims were based upon the GPS tracking device placement. The Court, however,
found that Plaintiffs have stated claims with respect to the other two alleged
intrusions. As such, the Court dismisses the conspiracy claim only to the
extent it cannot be based on the allegations arising from placement of the GPS
tracking device. The conspiracy claim is still valid with respect to the
remaining two alleged intrusions.
Troeckler v. Zeiser,
supra.
And, finally, she analyzed the defendants’ argument that
Count IV for punitive damages must be
dismissed because a request for punitive damages is not a cause of action and
it is impossible to determine to which cause of action Plaintiffs' prayer for
punitive damages is related. As Defendants correctly assert, punitive damages
allegations do not constitute a separate cause of action.
However, Defendants cite to no
authority that forbids a plaintiff from requesting punitive damages in a
separate count. Rather, the Rules require `[n]o technical form,’ and direct the
Court to construe pleadings `so as to do justice.’ Federal Rules of Civil
Procedure 8(d)(1), 8(e).
Further, it is not impossible to
determine to which cause of action Plaintiffs' prayer for punitive damages is
related. Plaintiffs `incorporate by reference and reallege paragraphs 1–48’ of
the Second Amended Complaint in Count IV -- Punitive Damages against Defendants
Zeiser, Stueck, Reynolds and Jacobsen.
Troeckler v. Zeiser,
supra.
The judge therefore granted the motion to dismiss “to the
extent it dismisses Plaintiffs' invasion of privacy by intrusion upon seclusion
and civil conspiracy claims with respect only to placement of the GPS tracking
device.” Troeckler v. Zeiser, supra. She denied the defendants’ request to dismiss
the remaining causes of action. Troeckler
v. Zeiser, supra.
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