After a jury convicted Karen S. White of one count of theft
in the second degree in violation of Alaska Statutes § 11.46.130(a)(1) and one
count of falsifying business records in violation of Alaska Statutes §11.46.630(a)(1) and the judge sentenced her “to four years with two years
suspended on each count, to be served concurrently (two years to serve)”, she
appealed. Opening Brief of Appellant, State v. White, 2012 WL 4512793 (Alaska Court of Appeals).
This, according to the Court of Appeals’ opinion in the
case, is how it arose:
Yak-tat Kwaan is a village corporation
located in Yakutat, and established under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement
Act. One of [its] business activities is rental housing.
In
May or June of 2007, White began working as the corporation's bookkeeper. . . .
[She] processed the rental payments received by the corporation. Some renters
would pay by check or money order, but others would pay in cash.
When the rent
was received in cash, White was supposed to photocopy the money, then (because
there was no local bank in Yakutat) she would take the accumulated cash to the
post office every week or two. At the post office, White would convert the cash
to a money order, and then the money order would be mailed to the corporation's
bank in Juneau.
These cash transactions were
recorded in two different forms. White's computer at work had a copy of the
bookkeeping software QuickBooks, and White would make entries in QuickBooks to
document the incoming money, to post the corresponding credits to the renters'
accounts, and to show the matching bank deposits. In addition, each time White
sent a money order to the corporation's bank, she was supposed to fill out an
internal deposit slip for the corporation's records, itemizing the money she
had mailed to the bank.
In December 2007 or January 2008 . . ., the
corporation's president and CEO, Shari Jensen, hired the Carter Financial Group
to review [its] account books. . . for an annual audit. [A]n accountant for the
Carter Group, Kathleen Maidlow, began . . . reviewing the corporation's books.
White
was aware of what Maidlow was doing, because Maidlow sat by White while she was
working, and Maidlow would ask White questions when she needed information
about the corporation's business practices or records. . . .
Maidlow discovered twelve or thirteen instances
during the preceding year . . . where renters paid cash to the corporation, but
the cash was never deposited in the bank. The unaccounted-for cash totaled more
than $3300.
In February or early March of 2008, Maidlow reported her findings
to Jensen -- that $3356 in cash receipts could not be accounted for, and was
not represented in the deposits to the corporation's bank account. . . .
Jensen attempted to conduct her own
reconciliation of the books. . . . [She] realized the amounts of money
deposited to the corporation's bank account did not match the company's
internal deposit slips and QuickBooks records, which were supposed to itemize
these deposits. On March 4, 2008, Jensen confronted White about
the problems with the books. White told Jensen that she did not know anything
about these problems.
The next day . . . White tendered her
resignation as the corporation's bookkeeper, effective one month later (April
15, 2008). She told Jensen that the audit process was too stressful for her,
and that she wanted to spend more time with her family.
State v. White, 2013
WL 2295429 (Alaska Court of Appeals 2013).
On March 12, 2008, Maidlow reported to Jensen that “there
were several instances where cash receipts had been entered into the QuickBooks
software as having been received and deposited, but later the records of these
deposits had been deleted from the QuickBooks account.” State
v. White, supra. The opinion explains that QuickBooks
maintains an audit trail, and this feature
. . . allowed Maidlow to see the exact date and time when the deposit entries
for these cash receipts were deleted. For instance, Maidlow found a deposit
entry for an $800 cash payment was entered into QuickBooks on September 4,
2007, but . . . was deleted one month later, on . . . October 9, 2007.
Similarly, a deposit entry for a $400 cash payment was entered into QuickBooks
on February 6, 2008, but . . . was deleted two weeks later, on . . . February
23, 2008. These two cash receipts .
. . were part of the $3300 in cash that never reached the corporation's bank
account.
State v. White, supra.
Jensen called the police and put White on administrative
leave, after which White “quit her job.”
State v. White, supra. Jensen
also told White she was meeting with the corporation’s board of directors to
inform them of what had happened, but said she would “ask the board to treat
White leniently” if she would “write a letter admitting to her embezzlement and
detailing her specific acts of misconduct.”
State v. White, supra.
White faxed a letter to Jensen,
confessing to embezzling an $800 cash payment in September 2007 and a later
$400 cash payment. In her letter, White [said] `[she] had every intention of
putting the money back, but [the situation] got out of hand before [she] had
the chance to [do that].’
She begged Jensen to handle the matter internally,
and allow her to repay the money. White's letter did not mention altering or
deleting any business records.
At the Yak-tat Kwaan board meeting on
March 17, 2008, Jensen did what she promised: she asked the board to handle the
matter internally, and to let White pay the money back. The board, however,
decided to pursue the police investigation.
State v. White, supra.
On appeal, White argued (among other things), that “she was deprived of a unanimous jury verdict
on the count charging her with falsifying business records”. State
v. White, supra. Alaska Rule of Criminal Procedure 31(a) requires that a
jury’s verdict “shall be unanimous.” (As Wikipedia notes, the issue of jury
unanimity in state prosecutions is a matter of state law; the 6th Amendment requires unanimity in federal cases.)
White’s argument arose from the evidence the prosecution
introduced to prove she falsified business records:
[T]he State relied on evidence
pertaining to two different deletions from the corporation's QuickBooks
computer records.
Specifically,
the State presented evidence that someone made a deposit entry in QuickBooks
for an $800 cash rent payment on September 4, 2007, but this deposit entry was
deleted one month later, on the afternoon of October 9, 2007.
The State also
presented evidence that someone made a deposit entry in QuickBooks for a $400
cash rent payment on February 6, 2008, but this deposit entry was deleted two
weeks later, on Saturday afternoon, February 23, 2008.
State v. White, supra.
As noted above,
[b]ased on these two occurrences, the
State charged White with a single count of falsifying business records as
defined in § 11.46.630(a) -- i.e., altering, erasing, removing, or
destroying a true entry in the business records of an enterprise with the
intent to defraud. This single count covered the fourteen months between
January 2007 and February 2008 (inclusive).
Thus, it encompassed both the October
2007 deletion of the QuickBooks entry pertaining to the $800 cash payment and
the February 2008 deletion of the QuickBooks entry pertaining to the $400 cash
payment.
State v. White, supra.
At White’s trial,
the prosecutor argued that both of these
deletions were performed by White, and that she acted with intent to defraud on
both occasions. The prosecutor then asked the jury to convict White of
falsifying business records, based on these two deletions. The jury returned a
general verdict finding White guilty of this offense, without specifying which
occurrence (or occurrences) the jurors found to be proved.
State v. White, supra. White’s attorney did not “object to the
jury's receiving a general verdict form, or to the manner in which the prosecutor
argued this count to the jury (lumping together the two QuickBooks deletions).” State
v. White, supra.
On appeal, White argued that it “was plain error for the
judge not to instruct the jurors that they had to reach unanimous agreement
with respect to each of the two deletions.”
State v. White, supra. And the prosecution conceded that
when a defendant is charged with
falsifying business records, the jury must not convict the defendant unless
they can reach unanimous agreement that the defendant committed a particular
act of falsification.
And the State further concedes that, because White's jury
was not asked to reach unanimous agreement on either the October 2007 record
deletion or the February 2008 record deletion, a legitimate question arises as
to whether White was denied her right to a unanimous jury decision.
State v. White, supra.
Notwithstanding that concession, the prosecution argued, on
appeal, that
this problem does not rise to the level
of plain error for two reasons. First, the State argues that White's attorney
had a tactical reason for not raising this issue during the superior court
proceedings (either before or during White's trial). And second, the State
argues that any potential error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt, given
White's unified defense to the records falsification charge.
State v. White, supra.
As to the first issue, the court noted that White
testified
at trial that she had never deleted any QuickBooks entries relating to cash
payments received by the corporation. In his summation to the jury, White's
attorney did not dispute that QuickBooks entries pertaining to the $800 and
$400 cash payments had been deleted; but he argued that the State had failed to
prove beyond a reasonable doubt that White was the one who deleted these
entries.
State v. White, supra.
The Court of Appeals found that it did not need to
reach the question of whether White's
attorney had a tactical reason for failing to bring this problem to the trial
judge's attention, because we agree with the State that, given the way White's
case was litigated, the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
State v. White, supra.
It explained that the prosecution’s case was
essentially based on the assertion that
White repeatedly stole money from the corporation by using the same tactic:
taking a cash rental payment and embezzling it for her own use, rather than
converting the cash to a money order and mailing it to the bank. To avoid
detection of these thefts, White later deleted the QuickBooks entries that were
supposed to reflect the deposits of this cash into the corporation's bank
account.
State v. White, supra. And the court pointed out that, at trial,
White's attorney did not dispute that
the relevant QuickBooks entries had been deleted. Rather, he argued that, given
the corporation's lax business and accounting procedures, it was impossible to
tell who had deleted those entries.
State v. White, supra.
The Court of Appeals therefore found that
[g]iven the evidence presented at
White's trial, and given the way White's case was litigated, we are convinced
beyond a reasonable doubt that even if White's jury had been asked to reach
unanimity with respect to each of the two QuickBooks deletions, the jury's verdict
would have been the same.
We
therefore conclude that the lack of a unanimity instruction was harmless error.
State v. White, supra.
For this and other reasons, the court affirmed White’s
conviction and sentence. State v. White,
supra. You can find a short news
story about the case here.
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