This post examines a recent opinion from the Appeals Court of Massachusetts – Nantucket: Commonwealth
v. Nascimento, 2017 WL 2467790 (2017). The Court begins the opinion by
explaining that
[w]e consider here whether
Massachusetts General Laws 272 § 105, as amended by St. 2014, c. 43, in
response to Commonwealth v. Robertson, 467 Mass. 371, 5 N.E.3d
522 (2014), protects people in public places. The defendant argues that,
although the Legislature clearly intended that the amended statute apply to
public places, it failed to effectuate its intent. We disagree, and affirm the
defendant's conviction.
Commonwealth v.
Nascimento, supra.
The opinion goes on to explain that
[t]he defendant was charged with,
and convicted of,
violating General Laws 272 § 105, for using his cellphone to videotape
surreptitiously two teenage girls under their sundresses while traveling on the
ferry to Nantucket. The conduct took place on July 12, 2015, more than a year
after the Legislature had—in response to public outcry over the Robertson decision—amended the
statute to add the following language, portions of which we have highlighted
because they are our focus here:
`Whoever wilfully photographs,
videotapes or electronically surveils, with the intent to secretly conduct or
hide such activity, the sexual or other intimate parts of a person under or
around the person's clothing to view or attempt to view the person's sexual or
other intimate parts when a reasonable person would believe that the
person's sexual or other intimate parts would not be visible to the public,
and without the person's knowledge and consent, shall be punished . . .’
General Laws 272 § 105(b).
‘Sexual or other intimate parts,’ [are
defined as] human genitals, buttocks, pubic area or female breast below a point
immediately above the tip of the areola, whether naked or covered by
clothing or undergarments.
General Laws 272 § 105(a).
In essence, the defendant argues that
because no reasonable person would believe his or her clothed anatomy would not
be visible in a public place, the statute must be limited to non-public spaces.
Commonwealth v.
Nascimento, supra.
The Appeals Court goes on to explain that the
amended language came about, as we
noted above, in response to public reaction to Robertson, supra, in which the Supreme Judicial Court reversed
the conviction of a man who had surreptitiously videotaped and photographed the
clothed crotch areas of women seated across from him on the MBTA trolley. Robertson involved the earlier
version of the statute, which applied only to persons who were photographed
when `nude or partially nude.’ Id.
at 375, 5 N.E.3d 522. Because the victims in that case were neither nude nor
partially nude, the Supreme Judicial Court concluded that the defendant's
conduct was not covered by the statute. Ibid. Deciding as it did, the court did not reach Robertson's
additional argument that the statute did not apply to conduct in public places.
Reaction to the Robertson decision was negative,
swift, and strong. The Legislature reacted immediately by amending the
statute to cover the type of conduct that had occurred in Robertson; namely, the
surreptitious photographing or videotaping of a person's clothed private
anatomy even when in public. The defendant acknowledges that the Legislature
clearly intended to amend the statute to cover the conduct at issue here.
Commonwealth v.
Nascimento, supra.
The Appeals Court went on to explain its analysis of the
issue in this case, explaining that
[w]hat remains is to decide whether the
statutory amendment effectuates that legislative intent. We believe it does. On
its face, the amendment is unlimited as to location, referring neither to
public nor private spaces. Instead, the amended statute applies `when a
reasonable person would believe that the person's sexual or other intimate
parts would not be visible to the public.’ The word `when’ refers to a
point in time and, although location certainly is a factor to be considered in
assessing what an objectively reasonable expectation would be at that particular
moment, it is neither the only factor nor is it necessarily dispositive.
Likewise, a person's state of dress or undress is a factor to be considered,
but it too is not dispositive. A person does not lose all reasonable
expectation of privacy in his or her covered `sexual or intimate parts’ simply
by being in public. Instead, that expectation must be measured against current
mores, taking into account the totality of the circumstances. So viewed, it is
an `eminently reasonable’ proposition `that a woman, and in particular a woman
riding on a public trolley, has a reasonable expectation of privacy in not
having a stranger secretly take photographs up her skirt.’ Robertson, supra at 380, 5 N.E.3d 522.
The same is true for teenage girls riding the ferry to Nantucket.
Judgment
affirmed.
Commonwealth v.
Nascimento, supra.
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